Ovarian Cysts: What You Need to Know
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled, blood-filled, or dense-content sacs that can develop in one or both ovaries. These masses vary in size and are relatively common—most women will experience at least one ovarian cyst during their lifetime. In 80–85% of cases, these cysts are benign and asymptomatic, often discovered incidentally during a pelvic exam or ultrasound performed for another reason.
Unilateral, mobile, small, and smooth-surfaced cysts are typically benign. However, bilateral, adherent, irregular, and fast-growing masses may be malignant, especially postmenopausal cysts, which require close evaluation.
Diagnosing Ovarian Cysts
Diagnosis is made through physical examination, ultrasound imaging, and blood tests. Cysts can also appear during pregnancy, especially in the early weeks, often resolving naturally as the pregnancy progresses.
Most ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms. When present, the most common complaints are pelvic pain, abdominal bloating, and tenderness—usually on the side of the affected ovary. In cases of rupture or torsion, severe and sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fainting may occur.
Other symptoms may include menstrual irregularities, pain during intercourse, frequent urination, constipation, or the sensation of a mass in the abdomen. Large cysts can press on the bladder or bowel, reducing quality of life.
It’s important to note that these symptoms can mimic those of other conditions, making thorough assessment essential for accurate diagnosis.
Types of Ovarian Cysts and Their Features
Follicular Cyst: The most common type in young women, formed when a mature egg fails to be released. Typically 2–4 cm in size with clear fluid. Usually disappears on its own after menstruation.
Corpus Luteum Cyst: Forms after ovulation from the tissue that produces progesterone. May grow to 3–4 cm and delay menstruation. Often resolves without treatment.
Endometrioma (Chocolate Cyst): Caused by endometrial tissue growing in the ovary and bleeding with each cycle, resulting in a thick, brown fluid. May cause painful periods, pain during sex, and infertility. Requires surgical treatment.
Dermoid Cyst: Seen mostly in younger women, formed from embryonic cells. May contain hair, skin, teeth, or cartilage. Causes discomfort and bloating. Surgical removal is needed.
Serous Cystadenoma: Common benign ovarian tumors, often asymptomatic and found during imaging. About 30% may become malignant. Surgical intervention is generally required.
Mucinous Cystadenoma: Among the largest ovarian tumors, can grow up to 15–30 cm. May cause abdominal swelling. Requires surgical removal.
Treatment of Ovarian Cysts
Around 80% of functional cysts (follicular or corpus luteum) resolve after menstruation. Persistent cysts often respond to birth control pills, with about 90% success. However, cysts that cause complications, are suspected to be malignant, or are very large typically require surgery.
Laparoscopic (minimally invasive) surgery is the preferred method. Through small incisions in the abdomen, the procedure offers faster recovery, less pain, and better cosmetic results. Most patients are discharged the same or next day and resume daily activities quickly.
Our Approach
At our clinic, we assess ovarian cysts comprehensively—considering imaging, hormone levels, medical history, and overall health. When necessary, we perform detailed ultrasound scans, hormone panels, and tumor marker testing. For surgical cases, we prioritize minimally invasive laparoscopy for optimal outcomes and minimal recovery time.
When to See a Doctor
You should consult a specialist if you experience any of the following:
- Sudden, intense pelvic or abdominal pain
- Irregular periods or abnormal bleeding
- Rapidly growing abdominal mass or swelling
- Difficulty urinating or persistent constipation
- Severe pain during intercourse
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduce complications and help maintain a healthy reproductive system.
